In "Racism and HIV/AIDS," there is great support on the idea of stigma and the shutting out of those that have contracted this disease as well as the type or racism and discrimination that is present due to this fact. Many that are discriminated against are those who have contracted this disease. By being someone of an ethnicity and contracting this disease, you are thought to be part of the stereotypical group of that ethnicity with that disease. It is also discussed that even being part of an ethnicity with people who have contracted the disease can cause a prejudice against you due to the fact that a large percent of your ethnic group has also contracted it. I think a term that would fit would be blanket discrimination. AIDS falls under the category of "stigmatized health condition" meaning that those who contract this disease are instantly stigmatized. This goes along with the race issue because those associated with the races with the high percent of disease contraction fall under this stigmatization even if they have not themselves contracted such disease. These issues tie into the social standings as well due to the stigmatization. Many of the high poverty level areas have a stigma that comes with. AIDS is found to be "most severe in the poorest countries and among the people of colour," furthering this social stigma that is created due to this sickness. All of the social statuses add up and combine with the race of individuals and their health standings to create a racism towards them.

In Shalini Bharat's "Racism and HIV/AIDS," she asserts that HIV/AIDS is not only a health problem but has resulted in many social problems such as racism and discrimination. She identifies that many of those diagnosed with such diseases and are of certain ethnic persuasion experience a feeling of neglect and stigma. She presents this in order to help identify how much of an influence that health has on people's lives as well as specifically their social standings. This information is presented in an informative fashion but appeals to the emotions and personal opinions of the readers.

In "AIDS and Racism in America," there was a large amount of support on the idea that the health field is a large area that has an affect on many minority groups. The convenience of available health care as well as being able to afford it is a big key in how well these groups thrive. Along with a  lower life expectancy, the rate of disease is much higher than that of someone who is not a minority. This is not only concerning with AIDS diagnosis and treatment, but with many other medical issues as well. Life expectancies and infant mortality rates are tied into this as well because of the fact that race has something to do with those levels as well. This piece seems as though it were written around the time that the civil rights movements were taking place due to the difference in the treatment and opportunities awarded to those of minority groups. Most of the health issues are found to be more concentrated among certain minority groups. This is most likely due to the fact that health care is not as readily available to these groups or the fact that genetics have just been unsupportive or unprotective against many of these diseases and sicknesses. Money is also taken into account when calculating out the rates of mortality as well as the level of health of certain people. Many minorities live in poverty or under the poverty level, making it that much more difficult for them to afford the care that they need, especially when it is not provided through their low income jobs. All of this results in lower health and life expectancy, as well as not having the proper resources to help with other health issues besides general health. The preventative methods are also unaffordable to those with low incomes in the minority groups. This meaning that sexual protection from certain diseases is unavailable due to "unnecessary" costs. "70% of males with AIDS are African American and Hispanic," and may also belong to those living in poverty. It is pointed out that "US AIDS patients are disproportionately Hispanic and Black," even though there is only a 18% of the US population that consist of these two ethnic groups. They focus mainly on the idea that minorities are still effected today even though the issue of racism is said to be resolved.

In J. Hutchinson's "AIDS and Racism in America," he asserts that institutionalization has a large impact on those that are affected by this disease due to the lack of proper health care because of location and convenience. This is specifically pointed out in minorities due to that statistics of life expectancy and health benefits. The purpose of writing this is to identify that there are still major differences between different races and classes and that it has an affect on life span as well as overall health. This information is presented informatively to the general public as a source of information that provides the idea that there is still racism in America,

In the article "Stigma, Discrimination, and the Implications for People Living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa," there is a large issue and identification on the idea that stigma is created from the differences of people in a society, especially aspects that separate those people somewhat uncontrollably. The author talks about the separation that mainly lies within " social, political, and economic groups that differ greatly from the expectations of the norm of these societies. This is felt in many different societies and is created by aspects such as diseases. This goes along with the classic idea of the cultural norm that everyone follows and if it is not followed than there is a stigma created and felt by those different than the norm. In this article stigma is defined as "a deeply discrediting attribute that reduces a person to someone who is in some way tainted and can therefore be denigrated," which describes the exact feeling of those who have contracted this disease. Knowing that this disease has rooted largely in South Africa, the stigma created is greatly racial and depends on the sexual orientation of those as well. They talk about how big of an impact this discrimination is on their "physiological and psychological" behavior and development. This also makes it very difficult for those with this disease to move and around and possibly start in a new community without already having the feeling of disdain. Overall this article just describes the severe effect that racism can have on those due to their sexual orientation and or their lifestyles and what has come because of it.

In D Skinner and S Mfecane’s “Stigma, Discrimination and the Implications for people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa,” they assert that those infected with HIV experience a feeling of “stigma and discrimination” due to their race, gender, and sexual orientation. They identify that the reports of the conditions of those with HIV are publicized and broadcasted in a manner that causes this applied stigma due to their conditions and assumed life choices. This is presented in order to put perspective on the discrimination occurring due to those who have contracted HIV, whether it is in the expected way or another method. This information is presented in an informative was as a combatant to the negative information presented about those with HIV.

thesis statement

Racism is involved in the diagnosis and treatment of those expected to have contracted the HIV virus as well as those who are thought to have contracted it and refuse to treat it due to the racist aspect of testing and diagnosing.

In the article "Racism, Poverty, and Other Truths about Sex: Race, Class, and HIV Risk among Latino Gay Men," the main target are those of latino persuasion that participate in unprotected sexual acts with other men of latino persuasion. This can be viewed as a racial approach, but statisitcs provide support for the thoughts on this targeted group. It is identified that "interpersonal experiences of racial discrimination lead to low self-esteem, a perception of low personal control, and increased fatalism about the inevitability of HIV infection," causing latino gay men to be less careful because of the automatic conviction due to their race and sexual preferences. Due to the race of the latino gay men, social groups as well as economic groups are created. These have an influence on the contraction of the HIV virus as well. By being at the certain economic levels and being organized in these social situations, there are choices made effecting the risk of contracting the HIV virus. They discuss the idea that there is discrimination experienced when testing and identifying the HIv virus, but these indivuals also "actively make choices, construct meaning, and shape situations in ways which create enhanced risk for HIV infection," supporting that those of certain groups place themselves in these high risk situations. Discrimination is indeed involved in the risk of contracting the HIV virus, but the social situations are by choice and increase the risk for many of these minorities. This is true in the manner that sexual orientation may not be a personally chosen preference, but those with which they associate themselves with can cause an increase or decrease in the risk of contracting this virus.

In the article “Perceived Everyday Racism, Residential Segregation, and HIV Testing Among Patients at a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic,” it is identified that a key to targeting those with the HIV virus in order to get them tested can be approached using a racial method. Those who are of African American persuasion are of the largely targeted audience. Many of those diagnosed in this African American population refuse to get tested and therefore refuse treatment. Some refuse testing due to the concept that avoidance is expected to correlate into health and not contracting the virus. This creates the thought avoidance of the contraction of the HIV virus is possible if the individual avoids testing. Many of these refusal patients may be aiding to the spread of the virus as well because they are not taking precautions similar to their behavior before contracting the virus. This article was a scientific study on the thoughts of certain populations towards the testing of HIV as well as the treatment for those involved and affected. This article not only focuses on HIV and its testing, but general STD testing. Many of those who are to be tested do not want to fall under to stereotype of being an African American that has contracted HIV. The author states that “negative attitudes toward HIV prevention are linked to racism” because of this given stereotype and or racist approach on testing. It is not only significant that racism is involved with testing but also with the treatment of the virus. Many believe that “the government is … using AIDS as a way of killing off minority groups,” and therefore those of minorities do not want to get tested as well as treated because of this theory. The independent mind sets are found in those groups of certain ethnicities due to their lack of respect on the issues of STDs and HIV testing as well as the treatment of these diseases.

In Chandra L. Ford et. al.'s "Perceived Everyday Racism, Residential Segregation, and HIV Testing Among Patients at a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic," they assert that involving racism when determining who to test may be a useful tool due to the high population of HIV and STD positive African American people. This is presented in order to allow for the justification of this type of prejudice when using testing methods. This was a test in order to also determine whether or not certain people due to their race would be more apt to get tested. This was presented in a scientific fashion in order to allow for statistics to be presented to the public to achieve the most accurate information.

In Rafael Diaz's "Racism, Poverty, and Other Truths about Sex: Race, Class, and HIV Risk among Latino Gay Men," he asserts that many struggling with the accusation of contracting HIV have been recorded to be discriminated against due mainly to race and class. He specifically sheds light on those men who are gay and of Latino persuasion. He presents this information in order to describe the specific scenarios and groups of people targeted for discrimination due to ethnic persuasion and life choices. He presents this information in order to inform a general public about the amount of discrimination involved in the diagnosing and expected diagnosis for Latino gay men.

biology topics on racism

genetics
development
metabolism
cancer
cyclosporine
insulin
blood pressure
diabetes
tuberculosis
HIV
herpes zoster
hypertension
renal disease
transplants
pharmacokinetics
dermatologic tissue

introduction paper #2

Introduction:

Racial profiling has affected many families all over the United States and well beyond our borders. Using a racial prejudice approach for reasoning behind lawful action is wrong and corruptive. These situations have caused much turmoil for the families involved as well as much constraint in effort of trying to avoid this kind of unlawful action. By stopping these kinds of prejudice actions, there would be less violent interactions between those who are wrongfully accused and law enforcement. Racial Profiling has caused many conflicts for people for a very long time and is unjust as a reason for carrying out the law and processes that go with it.

outline paper #2

Intro:

Thesis- Racial Profiling has caused many conflicts for people for a very long time and is unjust as a reason for carrying out the law and processes that go with it.

Racial profiling has affected many families all over the Unites States as well as beyond our borders. Using a racial prejudice approach for reasoning behind lawful action is wrong and very corruptive. These situations have caused much turmoil for the families involved in such situations as well as much constraint on being able to avoid this kind of unlawful action. By stopping these kinds of prejudice actions, there would be less violent interactions between those who are wrongfully accused and law enforcement, as well as, those who are innocent with the attention that they are not due to the color of their skin.

Definitions:

Racial profiling: a government activity directed at a suspect or a group of suspects based solely on race.

Prejudice:  an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.

Event of September 11^th: Two hijacked planes collided into the twin towers in New York City on September 11^th 2001. The hijackers were of East Indian persuasion as used a box cutter to take over control of the aircrafts. Both towers crashed as a result of the crashes. 2,966 victims’ lives have ended due to these attacks.

Civil war: war between the south and north of North America in determining whether slavery should end or not.

Review of Lit:

In Ronald Weitzer and Steven A. Tuch's article "Perceptions of Racial profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Belief," they assert that the idea that racial profiling occurs most often when operating a motorized vehicle and is mainly based on preconceived notions towards those of black and Hispanic persuasion. This article displays outside opinions on the idea of racial profiling not only as outside spectators but also of those who have had certain experiences. This is presented in order to show that racial profiling does not only happen to those of African American persuasion, but of many different races, ages, and even genders. These profiles are taken not as the same perspective, such as all being involved with drug trafficking, but very different circumstances. This information is presented through personal experiences as well as many statistics on the previous encounters involving racial profiling.

In Anne-Marie G. Harris, Geraldine R. Henderson, and Jerome D. Williams' "Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and Other Marketplace Discrimination," they assert that the federal court cases of the last twenty years have helped provide the type of discrimination occurring in the market place, the level of service being denied to the customers due to this discrimination, and the suspicious attitude toward the customers in assumption that they may have criminal intent due to race. This is presented in order to apply another perspective to racial profiling besides the operation of a motorized vehicle. This evidence is given to bring attention to how large of an issue racial profiling is and how it is present in a lot of everyday situations. This information is presented factually and straight forward in order to be informative.

In Samuel R. Gross and Debra Livingston's "Racial Profiling under Attack," they assert that there is high debate over whether the department of justice interviewing immigrants from Middle Eastern countries only is considered racial profiling or just basic procedures. This is very debatable among politicians as well as the public and now only occurs due to the events of September 11th. This information is presented in order to allow for a line to be drawn where basic procedure ends and racial profiling begins. This information was presented in a very informative way by giving evidence and specific cases that are questioned and reviewed closely for the concept of racial profiling.

In Robin S. Engel’s “A Critique of the ‘Outcome Test’ in Racial Profiling Research,” he asserts that there are four different perspectives on racial profiling that have been seen and tested multiple times. The four perspectives are legalistic, criminological, economic, and normative. These are presented in order to present the very diverse ways in which racial profiling is presented today. All of these perspectives bring attention to the fact that racial profiling is very prominent in our culture today. This was presented in order to help produce studies that determine where the use of racial profiling is occurring most often. This information is presented informatively and organized in a straightforward way.

In Theodore O. Prosise and Ann Johnson’s article “Law Enforcement and crime on Cops and World's Wildest Police Videos: Anecdotal Form and the Justification of Racial Profiling,” they assert that the reality television programs that present real life situations in which racial profiling is very often applied are accurate in the way that they present the situations. These programs are said to provide support for the idea that racial profiling is a justified method in arresting alleged victims. This is presented in order to give reasons both why this is supported and why it is not. The authors present both views but do not themselves present their opinions on the matter. This information is presented in order to give argument for and against racial profiling as it is prevented in a form of visual evidence. This information is provided in a way that the general public can understand the information.

In Deborah J. Schildkraut’s article “The More Things Change….American Identity and Mass and Elite Responses to 9/11,” she asserts that we are reacting similarly to the terrorist attack of 9/11 as we did to the attack on Pearl Harbor. This is believed to occur because of the fact that that is the “American Identity” when we respond with such caution and ready-for-action attitudes. This is presented in order to show the general public the similar way in which we are treating the terrorist attacks and how it may be affecting innocent people like those placed in internment camps during Pearl Harbor because of their ethnicity. This information is presented in an intellectually informative way that connects to a higher level of thinking for any of its readers.

Argument:

My Argument:

-racial profiling is a big issue today

-it can be resolved

-it will take time but will eventually be resolved

-happens in many cases and causes turmoil to multiple families

-effects those near/ related to the innocently charged

-It is bad and should be resolved

-it involves many races

-has been caused by previous events

Experts:

-It may be beneficial in some cases

-It may be necessary in order to carry out certain lawful acts

-It is not that big of an issue

-It cannot be solved easily

-it will never be completely gone

-precedents have been set that show that racial profiling is supported

Conclusion:

-Argument main purpose

-thesis type statement

-wrapping up all the support and non-support

-my belief

Proposal: Racial Profiling

There are many incidences of prejudice and judgment in our culture today. This includes judging people before knowing them, accusing people on false pretenses, and stereotyping a person for the way they dress or look. This issue involves many people all over the world of all genders, races, and ages. This is a high interest topic due to the level of severity of the activities involved with this prejudice and judgment. The main topic of this judgment is the idea of racial profiling, whether it concerns an African American person behind the wheel of a motorized vehicle or an East Indian person standing in line at an airport. This is a very pressing, significant issue due to the repercussions and results of putting innocent people through such severe turmoil through the miss-use of the law and racially profiling the innocent. Some people may fall into these individual categories. When it comes to racial profiling concerned with the operation of a motorized vehicle, most African Americans and some Hispanics are the main groups being targeted. These people are presumably involved with performing such illegal drug distributions, and therefore there is a pre judgment on their possible involvement with such illegal activities. When it comes to the airports and their unfair judgment of those of East Indian persuasion, the prejudice is most often more so from the people surrounding those of this persuasion rather than the law enforcement officials. They are guilty of it as well, but most of the citizens are the ones worried due to the previous terrorist attacks on September 11th. Most people are likely to not know the cold hard facts and percentages of people of these different ethnicities that are actually involved with the drug bust situations as well as the terrorist attacks. There may be evidence supporting the fact that there have been other terrorist attacks scares performed by those of East Indian persuasion, but due to this there is a stereotype placed with each individual East Indian person. There are statistics and facts that support both sides that racial profiling is mostly correct, but there is also information present disproving the idea that using a racial characteristic is not a justified cause for attention. There are so many diverse opinions on the situation that many agree and disagree. The region is also a concern when trying to determine what areas have the largest problem with racial profiling. The southern regions or states have history of having issues and prejudice even after the events of the civil war. There are many issues with that facing the other way as well. Those of African American persuasion have been found to have prejudice and a sort of racial profiling over those of Caucasian persuasion because of the history that has occurred and erupted between the two ethnicities. I think that everyone needs to be educated on this. They need to know that just because history may have shown some evidence that certain people are bad does not mean that all similar people should be treated poorly due to past mistakes. If there are certain given signs that easily show that something may be a-rye then there is justification in taking action. When using racial persuasion as evidence to seclude certain individuals or drawing attention to situations because those certain individuals are involved, that is unjust. Hard evidence and reason for suspicion are the only clues that one should look for when trying to intervene illegal interactions. I believe that every law enforcement officer or anyone involved in the law should have to be under surveillance or take a test in order to prepare them to not racially profile anyone due to their skin color. I think that this has been a pressing problem for sometime and stays at a substantial level as time goes on. I believe action should be taken in order to prevent future law enforcement and civilians to use racial profiling as a just cause for lawful action. I believe that if we prevent those who are young, eventually it will just be cleared from the system. I believe that once the war in Iraq is over, there will be lesser judgment of those who are of East Indian persuasion. I believe there will still be suspicion and cautiousness because that will take time to completely fade due to the time in which the terrorist attack occurred. I do, however, believe it may be possible to greatly reduce racial profiling in the next twenty to forty years. One thing that everyone should remember is to clear your head when meeting anyone no matter their race, age, gender, or any other characteristic that may impair the way you view someone, and you must listen to what they have to say and who they truly are before making any rash decisions or judgments that may be life changing.

In Samuel R. Gross and Debra Livingston's "Racial Profiling under Attack," they assert that there is high debate over whether the department of justice interviewing immigrants from Middle Eastern countries only is considered racial profiling or just basic procedures. This is very debatable among politicians as well as the public and now only occurs due to the events of September 11th. This information is presented in order to allow for a line to be drawn where basic procedure ends and racial profiling begins. This information was presented in a very informative way by giving evidence and specific cases that are questioned and reviewed closely for the concept of racial profiling.

Gross, Samuel R. Livingston, Debra "Racial Profiling under Attack," Columbia Law Review 102.5 (2002): 1413-1438. JSTOR. Web. 8 March, 2012.

(for me http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/1123676)

In Anne-Marie G. Harris, Geraldine R. Henderson, and Jerome D. Williams' "Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and Other Marketplace Discrimination," they assert that the federal court cases of the last twenty years have helped provide the type of discrimination occurring in the market place, the level of service being denied to the customers due to this discrimination, and the suspiscious attitude toward the customers in assumption that they may have criminal intent due to race. This is presented in order to apply another perspective to racial profiling besides the operation of a motorized vehicle. This evidence is given to bring attention to how large of an issue racial profiling is and how it is present in a lot of everyday situations. This information is presented factually and straight forward in order to be informative.

Harrus, Anne-Marie G. Henderson, Geraldine R. Williams, Jerome D. "Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and Other Marketplace Discrimination," Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 24.1 (2005): 163-171. JSTOR. Web. 9 March, 2012.

(For Me http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/30000577)

In Ronald Weitzer and Steven A. Tuch's article "Perceptions of Racial profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Belief," they assert that the idea that racial profiling occurs most often when operating a motorized vehicle and is mainly based on preconceived notions towards those of black and Hispanic persuasion. This article displays outside opinions on the idea of racial profiling not only as outside spectators but also of those who have had certain experiences. This is presented in order to show that racial profiling does not only happen to those of African American persuasion, but of many different races, ages, and even genders. These profiles are taken not as the same perspective, such as all being involved with drug trafficking, but very different circumstances. This information is presented through personal experiences as well as many statistics on the previous encounters involving racial profiling.

Weitzer, Ronald and Tuch, Steven A. "Perceptions of Racial profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Belief," Criminology 40.2 (2002): 435-456. Wiley Online Library. Web. 9 March 2012.

(For Me http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00962.x/abstract
http://www.gwu.edu/~soc/docs/Weitzer/Perceptions_of.pdf)

In Nicola Persico's "Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policiing," she asserts that many law enforcement officials are prejudice due to their previous findings but there are certain processes which they can perform that will prevent unfair treatment and application of the prejudice. The idea that some of these methods may "reduce effectiveness," of the law enforcement officers' jobs is a risky idea and is very controversial. She presents this theory in order to give a possible solution to a widely-known, large problem that many racial groups and law enforcement have to deal with in the present day. This information is presented very intelligently with the use of large vocabulary as well as ideas from both sides of the situation.

Persico, Nicola. "Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policiing" The American Economic Review. vol. 92. No. 5. web. (2002) pg. 1472-1497.

for my sake (http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/3083259)

Argument

Racial profiling is a problem due to personal bias and prejudice derived frin an opinion of a large group of a certain ethnicity. Many of these prejudices cause problems when carrying out the due processes of the law, and certain individuals may not automatically be treated equally due to their ethnic background.

Racial Profiling can be resolved through eliminating personal bias and opinion, as well as, carrying out the same due process of law for everyone as equals.

questions on issue

The problem is that there is a large issue with racial profiling when law enforcement officials are pulling certain people over due to their appearance and skin color, as well as, dealing with other prejudicial issues.

The people most affected by this problem are those of color and certain races. It is believed that usually those of African American descent are pulled over most frequently. Since the incident of September 11^th, however, there are more occurrences of people of Muslim persuasion and east Indian descent are being more frequently pulled aside in airports and other such public places.

The problem is caused by previous encounters with such ethnicities proving true to the prejudice that most African Americans are involved with more traffic violations and have more drug involvement. When dealing with those of East Indian descent, the issue arose due to the event on September 11^th. Before this occurred, there were at the most 50% of the prejudice that is present today.

There have been many court cases dealing with this situation on profiling drivers of certain ethnicities. Although many of these cases have won and changed the way many law enforcement officers are trained and conduct their business, there is always personal prejudice that is very difficult to deal with and overcome. When dealing with the prejudice against those of east Indian persuasion, it is very difficult due to the fact that we are still involved in a war that is fighting terrorism. This makes the trust very difficult when it is still a valid reason to be weary of the actions certain people are taking.

If this problem is resolved in the future, I believe there would be a lot less hate crimes. I feel that some of the hate crimes committed are due to the fact that a racist action is unjustly taken against someone of color or ethnic influence. I believe that there will be a lot more peaceful situations and a lot less court cases involved with the wrong accusations due to racial influence. I think that there may always be prejudice or at least cautiousness towards those of East Indian descent due to the huge impact that the event of September 11^th had on the U.S. I hope to see the prejudice reduced over the years but there is never any guarantee of complete solutions.

Someone should do something to help solve this problem because I think it would allow for the country to retain more peace and encourage other countries to accept the U.S. as being prejudice free.

In David Harris's "Driving While Black: Racial Profiling on our Nation's Highways," he asserts that many lawsuits and efforts to try to fight racial profiling behind the wheel are often taken but law enforcement still takes precautions when pulling over those of color. It is said that most of the racial profiling is done concerning "drug law enforcement" due to the apparent high rate of drug use among races. This is presented in order to portray the message that racial profiling is indeed a very large, pressing issue in the United States and there are many actions being taken in order to reduce the occurrence of it. David Harris presents the facts in a very straight forward, factual way.

Harris, David. "Driving While Black: Racial Profiling on our Nation's Highways." National Criminal Justice Services: American Civil Liberties Union. 30 (1999) Web.

In Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer's chapter, "Proposal Arguments," they assert that it is critical to determine an issue that is bothersome as well as being able to present it in a way that it may appeal to a larger audience. They provide sample proposal arguments like "who should make the decisions about economic development," to show some example for readers. They present this chapter in order to display the proper techinique in which to write a propsal argument and how to make it a strong argument. This information was presented in a common tone in order for a student based audience to be able to understand the steps to writing a proposal argument somewhat easily.

Darcy L Gray, Rosaline Canessa, Rick Rollins, Peter Keller, and Phillip Dearden present "Incorporating Recreational Users into Marine Protected Area Planning: A Study of Recreational Boating in British Columbia, Canada" in order to assert that different people and their needs coincide with the time at which they boat as well as their boating locations. They present this in order to give reason to certain profit rises at certain times as well as certain activity occurring more often at certain locations. The "Recreation Opportunity Spectrum" helps to determine many of these factors. The information was presented very statistically and factually to a higher educated audience involved specifically on this subject.

Gray, Darcy L. Canessa, Rosaline. Rollins, Rick. Keller, CPeter. Dearden, Philip. "Incorporating Recreational Users into Marine Protected Area Planning: A Study of Recreational Boating in British Columbia, Canada" Environmental Management. 46.2. (2010) 167-180. Web.
http://search.proquest.com/docview/808930403?accountid=130464

Ronald J Sutherland's "A Regional Approach to Estimating Recreation Benefits of Improved Water Quality" journal article asserts that the amount of recreation influences the amount of revenue brought in especially when judging whether a water source is "fishable and swimmable." He presents this in order to show the importance of the method of involvement of water and the functionality of water and the possible recreational activities involved with it. This information is presented very straight forwardly and factually yet still appealing to a general audience.

Sutherlan, Ronald J. "A Regional Approach to Estimating Recreation Benefits of Improved Water Quality" Analysis and Assesmsent Division. Vol. 9. Issue 3. 229-247. (1982) Web.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0095069682900328

In John R. Stoll, John C. Bergstrom, and Lonnie L. Jones' "Recreational  Boating and its Economic Impact on Texas" article, they assert that recreational boating as a whole is greatly influential on the Texas economy throughout the entire state of Texas. This recreational boating provided for "10270 man-years of employment" as well as "had a total output of over $610 million." They do this in order to provide evidence as to why the activity of recreational boating is so significant. This information was presented in a statistical manner to a well educated audience.

Stoll, John R. Bergstrom, John C. Jones, Lonnie L. "Recreational Boating and its Economic Impact on Texas" Lesiure Science: An Interdisciplinary Journal. Vol. 10. Issue 1. 51-67. (1988) Web.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01490408809512176

David Palazzi's "The Economic Importance of Recreational Boating in Oregon" anylization, he asserts that the recreational boating in Oregon provides for income for businesses associated with recreational boating as well as provides for certain taxes to maintain the boating areas. He specifies that the recreational activity of boating provides money for "employment, taxes, and payroll" for the associations involved with this recreational activity. He presents this information in order to display the importance that boating has economically for the reservoirs and water locations in Oregon. He uses a very straight forward tone but is not completely factual when explaining the importance of recreational boating.

Palazzi, David. "The Economic Importance of Recreational Boating in Oregon" Marine Resource Management Program. 1986. Web.
http://scholarsarchive.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/6424/David_Palazzi_ocr.pdf?sequence=1

Aaron J. Douglas and David A.Harpman's article "Estimating Recreation Employment Effects with IMPLAN for the Glann Canyon Dam Region," they assert that recreational activity is beneficial to allow for the increase in job opportunities. They believe that this will specifically improve "Lee's Ferry site on the Colorado River." They presented this information in order to portray the idea that hosting recreational activities will cause more opening businesses and therefore an increase in number of jobs. This information was presented in a formal and informational way but it did so with an appeal to the general public.

Douglas, J. Aaron. Harpman, David A. "Estimating Recreation Employment Effects with IMPLAN for the Glann Canyon Dam Region" Midcontinent Ecological Science Center. vol. 44. issue 3. (1994). Web.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479785700436

Anthony J. Fedler and Robert B. Ditton's article "Developing a National Outreach Strategy for Recreational Fishing and Boating" asserts that by developing a process in which to entice recreational boaters and fishers to a certain area, they are able to heighten activity. They did this to discover many economic situations, perceived views, and facility knowledge that the public possessed. This was presented in order to allow the public to become aware of the "need for aquatic resource conservation." The information was presented in a factual manner but was more casually stated in order to entice the general public.


Fedler, Anthony J. Ditton, Robert B. "Developing a National Outreach Strategy for Recreational Fishing and Boating" Department of  Recreation, Parks and Tourism. Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences. 25:1. 22-28. Web.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8446%282000%29025%3C0022%3ADANOSF%3E2.0.CO%3B2

Hee-Chan Lee's article "Determinates of Recreational Boater Expenditures on Trips" asserts that the cost of automobile fuel, food, traveling items etc. effect the amount that each company profits from the expenses associated with recreational boating. He uses a "1998 Michigan boating survey" as an example of how all the costs are all associated with the recreational boating. This is presented in order to give reason to why certain companies have a higher income due to their quality and location relative to the recreational boating locations. He presents the information in a very orderly and factual way in order to present strictly the information.

Lee, Hee-Chan. "Determinates of Recreational Boater Expenditures on Trips" Honam University's Department of Tourism and Hotel Management. Web.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517701000334

 Ulrike Bergmann-Baker, Janet Brotton, and Geoffrey Wall's journal article "Socio-Economic Impacts of Fluctuating Water Levels on Recreational Boating in the Great Lakes," asserts that the water levels of the great lakes greatly affect the economy of the lakes due to the lack of activity because of the transitioning water levels. They present the fact that the "International Joint Commissions" survey of regular lake visitors displayed that the"effects of the water level fluctuating on recreational boating "effects the lakes economic stand point. They presented this in order to explain the importance recreational boating serves for the economic stability of the Great Lakes. The tone of the journal article was sophisticated and presented with much factual support as if to speak to an audience of great power and or the ability to make important decisions.


Bergmann-Baker, Ulrike. Brotton, Janet. Wall, Geoffrey. "Socio-Economic Impacts of Fluctuating Water Levels on Recreational Boating in the Great Lakes" Canadian Water Resources Journal. Vol. 20. No. 3. Web.
http://pubs.cwra.org/doi/pdf/10.4296/cwrj2003185

Declaration: Recreational boating contributes beneficially to the economy and development of multiple companies involved with reservoirs.

Reasons:

-many marinas main source of revenue is from boat owners whether it be from paying for a boat space or paying to boat/fill the boats with gas.

- boating gives profit to multiple companies such as the companies selling products at the marinas, gas companies for the fuel for the boats, and state revenue due to the fact that the reservoirs are state run

-even the distance traveled to reservoirs results in profits for the fuel companies mainly, but includes many other companies including fishing companies and general goods stores

-organizations have held fundraisers as well as awareness programs to help inform people about the benefits of boating and fish regulation while also finding out the reasons as to why more people do not boat recreationally

-boating allows fishing which in turn provides more revenue due to the cost of fishing licenses as well as fishing supplies

-due to the amount of recreational boating, additional economic support is provided through the ownership of property near the reservoirs due to the high activity of the boating activity

-jobs are created due to the amount of boating that occurs as well as the number of establishments that are created in order to assist or benefit the recreational boaters

Rhetorical précis on boating

In LJ Panloza's "Boater Attitudes and Experiences," he asserts that most boaters on average are 50 years of age and tend to fish as their chosen ideal boating activity. He presents the idea that boating is done For mainly "excitement and stimulation." This survey was taken to determine what the average boater did as an activity while driving a boat. There was also evidence that some boaters were intoxicated while operating the boats and therefore water law enforcement has been required to be more concerned with the drinking habits of boaters. He presents all these facts in order to provide reasons as to why water law enforcement at need to be more populated in the water as well as giving a reason as to why boating is popular due to its excitement and stimulating affects. He uses a very sophisticated lawful tone due to the fact that he had taken this survey under legislative circumstances.

15 questions on boating

1. Why is the average age of recreational boaters 50? 2. What is the average youngest age of boat drivers? 3. What's the average amount of time spent recreationally boating? 4. What is the other average thing that people do boating besides fishing? 5. What is the average boaters favorite water sport? 6. How often does the average boat owner go out boating? 7. How many people does the average speed boat hold? 8. What is the average reason that a person goes boating? 9. Do males or females, on average, like to boat more? 10. How much on average does an average boat owner spend boating? 11. Do avid boaters only go boating in the summer or do they take extra trips out of season too? 12. How much on average does a boat owner spend on gas for their boat? 13. How many kids on average take a boating drivers test at the age of 14 when you can get your boating license? 14. Does the average boat owner believe it's okay to drink while boating? 15. How much does the average boater drink while on a boat?

Rhetorical Precis Chapter 7

In Lester Faigley's "Putting Good Reasons into Action" chapter, he asserts that there is a purpose in every writers head when preparing to enter into an argument of any sort and that every argument should have a valid point. He supports this idea with a real life situation in which "check points" are argued to be constitutional or an invasion of privacy. Faigley's purpose for writing this was to inform the readers, and future writers, that there needs to be an extensive, solid reason in order to produce an affective argument. His tone presents that casualty of this example, but is affective in explaining the idea of a well constructed purpose behind an argument.

Rhetorical Precis Chapter 4

In Lester Faigley’s “Drafting and Revising Arguments” chapter, he presents that a good piece of writing or a good argument has a very strong structural organization and that revising and improvement is necessary in being thorough. He displays the idea that each writer needs to “think about the readers” and determine how much information is known and what information needs to be presented. He presents specific steps as well as explains in detail about necessary clarity in order to allow writers to develop a well-written paper. He uses a very explanatory, basic voice as if talking to a class about how to write a well-developed paper.

Response to The Chillin' Effect of Section 506: The Battle

The ideas in this paper are there to prevent plagiarism from occurring. The use of comparing "the quote of a rapper with that of a lawyer" raises question about why one is in the right and one is in the wrong. I think personally that sampling certain amounts of music should be allowable but only if credit is given within the produced material. For example, say a rapper wants to take a beat from "Ice Ice Baby." This rapper needs to credit MC Hammer and his producers for that sample somewhere on his produced work. I don't think he needs to dedicate any type of credit to him in his actual work but there needs some sort of contribution on the actual album cover. This article presents the development of the rules in which sampling and the development of music has to follow. It astonished me that the development of these type of rules began so long ago in the year of 1790 with the first federal copyright act. I was impressed by how persistant the improvements of the rules were overtime. Multiple Acts have been passed regarding the sampling an ddistribution of music including the Sound Rcording Act as well as the No Electronic Theft Act. I believe overall that the different developments over the time span of three centuries has allowed for the music industry to evolve. There are still controversies over which songs created from the use of sampling are infinging on copyrights or not. These problems are slowly being solved overtime and improvements and updates are sure to be made to further this progress in the future.

Rhetorical Precis- music plagiarism

Ronald Gaither's " The Chillin' Effect of Section 506: The Battle," presents that there is a fine line between improving an artist's work and taking credit for it. He also displays the idea that music and social improvements wouldn't occur if music was not improved and passed on throughout the generations. He supports his claim through presenting the history of the development of the "Sound Recording Act of 1971," as well as a developing "mens rea," that both help provide the guidelines in which music can be developed and transferred. He intends to present the ideas about what is and what isn't considered plagiaristic in the subject of music. He speaks in a very orderly, lawful tone, presenting the facts and developments as if they were presented in a case to an educated audience.

Good Reasons Precis

In Lester Faigley's chapter "Reading Arguments,"  he identifies that controversies surround major issues and causes and identifying both sides of the issue is extremely significant in presenting an argument. Faigley provides evidence for the idea by breaking down how to "read critically" and what questions to ask yourself when you are developing your argument. His purpose was to break down the steps and processes it takes to develop an argument in order to make it purposeful and well developed. He writes to an audience that is mature in nature but at the same time are developing writing skills.

In Lester Faigley's chapter "Finding Arguments," he presents the idea that finding an argument takes close review of a piece of writing, identifying what kind of argument it was, and breaking down the argument in order to figure out the main subject of it. Faigley provides examples of arguments as well as uses defined terms to identify what type of things should be looked for. His purpose in writing this chapter was to provide for ways to identify arguments and the key elements of each type of argument. He speaks to an audience that appear to be developing writers, similar to that of chapter two. 

plagiarism and the heisting of another's work

•   The discussion begins with digital technology and the idea of whether sampling pieces of individual songs is plagiaristic or copyright infringement. The idea is that everyone is considered a digital producer. individuals use samples all the time to create new creations. The official question posed, "Is taking snippets from other people's produced songs with copyright protections considered copyrighting?" Multiple people will take multiple clips from various songs and place them together in an entirely new formation. The debate was whether is would be considered as going against the rights of those who originally created the songs. This sampling is looked at as being essential for social culture and creating various connections among different communities. Another big question asked was whether the artists should be compensated for the sampling that the public is doing. The copyright argument is that it protects the whole song all inclusive. The courts agree that you can indeed "own" a sounds and therefore claim it as your own. The argument against that idea is that you need to get critiqued and the only way to do that is for someone to take the music and or play around with it a little and see how well it works. The biggest support for sampling is the fact that if music is not passed around and shared and modified than no one would have anything to listen to. Producers would not be able to produce new material if they could not modify old material or even get ideas from the older songs. This even helps unknown artists get their music out into the public, even if they are not making money off of it. Infringement can be anywhere from sampling one note of a song to completely copying an entire song and changing two of the words. Overall there is major hesitation about sampling and the rules that it must follow to allow for the artists, producers, and public to be happy. 
• The question that educational institutions pose all the time, "Is using an online source of information without siting the author because it doesn't have one considered plagiarism?" Many professors are puzzled as to why various students decide to plagiarize others work. It is so wide that laziness cannot be the only reason as to why there is so much plagiarism occurring. 40% of 14000 undergraduates copy a few sentences. They are not copying the whole paper but seem to only be adding a few non-cited thoughts into their papers. Suzan D. Blum was extremely curious as to why there was so much plagiarism occurring. A young german woman, Helene Hegemann, believes that "there is no such thing as originality, just authenticity." Most people consider plagiarism to be a lazy way to complete something rather than because someone does not understand something fully. The main reason that was found was that students were not being prepared enough in high school for the level of intensity of college work and therefore only thought to plagiarize. The plagiarism roots from being unprepared and not being able to do work. 

What a Shame College Sports....

College sports have been around for a very long time. They started very early on and were believe to be a scandal of certain schools. In 1984 Vaccaro helped Michael Jordan to promote a certain sneaker line which supported the idea that college athletics were a scandal. College athletes paired with getting paid would not cause the universities to earn money, but it would cause positive publicity for the colleges and what they were doing with athletes and education. This would cause money to be administered to the universities from boosters and various other sources such as businesses supporting the universities and random donations from alumni. From this type of publicity would also come fans and others to observe the athletic events, earning the universities money through fan gear and entrance fees. The universities were promoting athletes at the same time, as well as the athletes were promoting themselves. They would trade autographs and gear in order to receive tattoos and various other items. Colleges than were deciding that the athletes should not receive financial assistance for their participation in athletics. This was decided by the NCAA, crushing the student athletes, especially those with financial difficulties. Walter Camp decided that he would build an official stadium as well as an official field in order to allow for the athletics to become more serious. He did this without compensation and on his own time. He was considered the father of football. In 1842, football was introduced to Yale and quickly became a very popular athletic activity. At this time, Theodore Roosevelt was in his term of presidency. He decided to get involved in college athletics by making it safer to play. Roosevelt was also a large instigator for the NCAA, allowing it to become more official for the sake of the safety of the athletes. 1948 a sanity code was released allowing student athletes to receive money on a need basis. This had to coincide with their academic achievements. This led to the boosting of grades, causing the athletes to appear that they were passing in order to be eligible. This led to many other unlawful acts such as shaving points in basketball games and allowing for certain publicity to access more money. Byers had something that was called the "Big Bluff" which resulted in an empty stadium for the Penn vs. Yale game. NBC than started allowing for college athletics to be broad casted on television. After all this publicity and athletic happenings in the universities, there began to be many controversies and lawsuits over money and the compensation allowed for individual students athletes in certain cases, especially career ending injuries. This occurred with the employees involved with athletics and athletes, like teachers and coaches. The rules always seemed to be very sporadic or easily bent for certain athletes and certain situations. Overall the NCAA has come a long way and developed guidelines in order to be the most beneficial for athletes and their opportunity for a higher education.

THE WORLD OF GAMING AND ITS WAYS OF SAVING THE WORLD

THE WORLD OF GAMING AND ITS WAYS OF SAVING THE WORLD
From my notes I can summarize that the whole point of her speech was to get across the message that gaming can lead to saving the world. She talks about gamers experiencing an "epic win." This is when the gamers feel that they can accomplish anything because they have succeeded in their online gaming. She suggests that we play 21000000000000 hours of video games a week in order to have the mind set to save the world. She says this would help save the world due to the fact that in video games, no one is ever handed a challenge that they cannot over come in some way. In real life, however, that is not the case. There are many situations in which we cannot over come our challenges. The evolution of man was brought into play in comparing how video games help to develop our ability to try to save the world in reality today. If we were to spend as much time playing video games as we do in school, than she believes that we would be able to figure out some way to help the world and its problems. The online games can help build problem solving skills for our everyday lives. It also creates bonds through online communication with other gamers, taking steps to being a team in solving problems. She talked about the first time that games were played with dice that were made from sheeps knuckles. These games resulted in saving a whole civilization. Her main point overall was just that gaming provides for ways to problem solve and building helping bonds which in turn can help us solve problems in the everyday world.

Rhetorical Precis

Aubrey Urban

Dawn Diprince

Composition 102

January 25, 2012

            In Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer’s chapter “Reading and Discovering Arguments,” (1947) they assert that all sides of an argument, the opposing and supporting side, must be considered when producing a written argument. This idea is supported by using the evaluation of an argument as well as building credibility for that argument and for the source in which the argument came. Their purpose for writing this and giving information about the development of an argument was produced in order to allow for a more smooth production of arguments throughout all writers, especially those that are college students. The way this information is displayed in the article, it appears to be developed for those writers who are students in the basic stages of constructing an argument and accomplishing the basic steps that are needed to produce a functional argument.

Credance Clearwater Revival

Credance Clearwater Revival has produced some of the best music that I have ever heard. It is hard to find good quality music these days and therefore looking to the classics for high quality seems to be the solution. This band has created all of my favorite songs. Listening to them on the way to my Grandma's house on the country side really just makes me feel at peace. Everytime I listen to this music, I have experienced some of the happiest most care free times in my life. Even just simply listening to it in my dorm room brings me peace. http://www.ccrfanpage.com/