introduction paper #2

Introduction:

Racial profiling has affected many families all over the United States and well beyond our borders. Using a racial prejudice approach for reasoning behind lawful action is wrong and corruptive. These situations have caused much turmoil for the families involved as well as much constraint in effort of trying to avoid this kind of unlawful action. By stopping these kinds of prejudice actions, there would be less violent interactions between those who are wrongfully accused and law enforcement. Racial Profiling has caused many conflicts for people for a very long time and is unjust as a reason for carrying out the law and processes that go with it.

outline paper #2

Intro:

Thesis- Racial Profiling has caused many conflicts for people for a very long time and is unjust as a reason for carrying out the law and processes that go with it.

Racial profiling has affected many families all over the Unites States as well as beyond our borders. Using a racial prejudice approach for reasoning behind lawful action is wrong and very corruptive. These situations have caused much turmoil for the families involved in such situations as well as much constraint on being able to avoid this kind of unlawful action. By stopping these kinds of prejudice actions, there would be less violent interactions between those who are wrongfully accused and law enforcement, as well as, those who are innocent with the attention that they are not due to the color of their skin.

Definitions:

Racial profiling: a government activity directed at a suspect or a group of suspects based solely on race.

Prejudice:  an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.

Event of September 11^th: Two hijacked planes collided into the twin towers in New York City on September 11^th 2001. The hijackers were of East Indian persuasion as used a box cutter to take over control of the aircrafts. Both towers crashed as a result of the crashes. 2,966 victims’ lives have ended due to these attacks.

Civil war: war between the south and north of North America in determining whether slavery should end or not.

Review of Lit:

In Ronald Weitzer and Steven A. Tuch's article "Perceptions of Racial profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Belief," they assert that the idea that racial profiling occurs most often when operating a motorized vehicle and is mainly based on preconceived notions towards those of black and Hispanic persuasion. This article displays outside opinions on the idea of racial profiling not only as outside spectators but also of those who have had certain experiences. This is presented in order to show that racial profiling does not only happen to those of African American persuasion, but of many different races, ages, and even genders. These profiles are taken not as the same perspective, such as all being involved with drug trafficking, but very different circumstances. This information is presented through personal experiences as well as many statistics on the previous encounters involving racial profiling.

In Anne-Marie G. Harris, Geraldine R. Henderson, and Jerome D. Williams' "Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and Other Marketplace Discrimination," they assert that the federal court cases of the last twenty years have helped provide the type of discrimination occurring in the market place, the level of service being denied to the customers due to this discrimination, and the suspicious attitude toward the customers in assumption that they may have criminal intent due to race. This is presented in order to apply another perspective to racial profiling besides the operation of a motorized vehicle. This evidence is given to bring attention to how large of an issue racial profiling is and how it is present in a lot of everyday situations. This information is presented factually and straight forward in order to be informative.

In Samuel R. Gross and Debra Livingston's "Racial Profiling under Attack," they assert that there is high debate over whether the department of justice interviewing immigrants from Middle Eastern countries only is considered racial profiling or just basic procedures. This is very debatable among politicians as well as the public and now only occurs due to the events of September 11th. This information is presented in order to allow for a line to be drawn where basic procedure ends and racial profiling begins. This information was presented in a very informative way by giving evidence and specific cases that are questioned and reviewed closely for the concept of racial profiling.

In Robin S. Engel’s “A Critique of the ‘Outcome Test’ in Racial Profiling Research,” he asserts that there are four different perspectives on racial profiling that have been seen and tested multiple times. The four perspectives are legalistic, criminological, economic, and normative. These are presented in order to present the very diverse ways in which racial profiling is presented today. All of these perspectives bring attention to the fact that racial profiling is very prominent in our culture today. This was presented in order to help produce studies that determine where the use of racial profiling is occurring most often. This information is presented informatively and organized in a straightforward way.

In Theodore O. Prosise and Ann Johnson’s article “Law Enforcement and crime on Cops and World's Wildest Police Videos: Anecdotal Form and the Justification of Racial Profiling,” they assert that the reality television programs that present real life situations in which racial profiling is very often applied are accurate in the way that they present the situations. These programs are said to provide support for the idea that racial profiling is a justified method in arresting alleged victims. This is presented in order to give reasons both why this is supported and why it is not. The authors present both views but do not themselves present their opinions on the matter. This information is presented in order to give argument for and against racial profiling as it is prevented in a form of visual evidence. This information is provided in a way that the general public can understand the information.

In Deborah J. Schildkraut’s article “The More Things Change….American Identity and Mass and Elite Responses to 9/11,” she asserts that we are reacting similarly to the terrorist attack of 9/11 as we did to the attack on Pearl Harbor. This is believed to occur because of the fact that that is the “American Identity” when we respond with such caution and ready-for-action attitudes. This is presented in order to show the general public the similar way in which we are treating the terrorist attacks and how it may be affecting innocent people like those placed in internment camps during Pearl Harbor because of their ethnicity. This information is presented in an intellectually informative way that connects to a higher level of thinking for any of its readers.

Argument:

My Argument:

-racial profiling is a big issue today

-it can be resolved

-it will take time but will eventually be resolved

-happens in many cases and causes turmoil to multiple families

-effects those near/ related to the innocently charged

-It is bad and should be resolved

-it involves many races

-has been caused by previous events

Experts:

-It may be beneficial in some cases

-It may be necessary in order to carry out certain lawful acts

-It is not that big of an issue

-It cannot be solved easily

-it will never be completely gone

-precedents have been set that show that racial profiling is supported

Conclusion:

-Argument main purpose

-thesis type statement

-wrapping up all the support and non-support

-my belief

Proposal: Racial Profiling

There are many incidences of prejudice and judgment in our culture today. This includes judging people before knowing them, accusing people on false pretenses, and stereotyping a person for the way they dress or look. This issue involves many people all over the world of all genders, races, and ages. This is a high interest topic due to the level of severity of the activities involved with this prejudice and judgment. The main topic of this judgment is the idea of racial profiling, whether it concerns an African American person behind the wheel of a motorized vehicle or an East Indian person standing in line at an airport. This is a very pressing, significant issue due to the repercussions and results of putting innocent people through such severe turmoil through the miss-use of the law and racially profiling the innocent. Some people may fall into these individual categories. When it comes to racial profiling concerned with the operation of a motorized vehicle, most African Americans and some Hispanics are the main groups being targeted. These people are presumably involved with performing such illegal drug distributions, and therefore there is a pre judgment on their possible involvement with such illegal activities. When it comes to the airports and their unfair judgment of those of East Indian persuasion, the prejudice is most often more so from the people surrounding those of this persuasion rather than the law enforcement officials. They are guilty of it as well, but most of the citizens are the ones worried due to the previous terrorist attacks on September 11th. Most people are likely to not know the cold hard facts and percentages of people of these different ethnicities that are actually involved with the drug bust situations as well as the terrorist attacks. There may be evidence supporting the fact that there have been other terrorist attacks scares performed by those of East Indian persuasion, but due to this there is a stereotype placed with each individual East Indian person. There are statistics and facts that support both sides that racial profiling is mostly correct, but there is also information present disproving the idea that using a racial characteristic is not a justified cause for attention. There are so many diverse opinions on the situation that many agree and disagree. The region is also a concern when trying to determine what areas have the largest problem with racial profiling. The southern regions or states have history of having issues and prejudice even after the events of the civil war. There are many issues with that facing the other way as well. Those of African American persuasion have been found to have prejudice and a sort of racial profiling over those of Caucasian persuasion because of the history that has occurred and erupted between the two ethnicities. I think that everyone needs to be educated on this. They need to know that just because history may have shown some evidence that certain people are bad does not mean that all similar people should be treated poorly due to past mistakes. If there are certain given signs that easily show that something may be a-rye then there is justification in taking action. When using racial persuasion as evidence to seclude certain individuals or drawing attention to situations because those certain individuals are involved, that is unjust. Hard evidence and reason for suspicion are the only clues that one should look for when trying to intervene illegal interactions. I believe that every law enforcement officer or anyone involved in the law should have to be under surveillance or take a test in order to prepare them to not racially profile anyone due to their skin color. I think that this has been a pressing problem for sometime and stays at a substantial level as time goes on. I believe action should be taken in order to prevent future law enforcement and civilians to use racial profiling as a just cause for lawful action. I believe that if we prevent those who are young, eventually it will just be cleared from the system. I believe that once the war in Iraq is over, there will be lesser judgment of those who are of East Indian persuasion. I believe there will still be suspicion and cautiousness because that will take time to completely fade due to the time in which the terrorist attack occurred. I do, however, believe it may be possible to greatly reduce racial profiling in the next twenty to forty years. One thing that everyone should remember is to clear your head when meeting anyone no matter their race, age, gender, or any other characteristic that may impair the way you view someone, and you must listen to what they have to say and who they truly are before making any rash decisions or judgments that may be life changing.

In Samuel R. Gross and Debra Livingston's "Racial Profiling under Attack," they assert that there is high debate over whether the department of justice interviewing immigrants from Middle Eastern countries only is considered racial profiling or just basic procedures. This is very debatable among politicians as well as the public and now only occurs due to the events of September 11th. This information is presented in order to allow for a line to be drawn where basic procedure ends and racial profiling begins. This information was presented in a very informative way by giving evidence and specific cases that are questioned and reviewed closely for the concept of racial profiling.

Gross, Samuel R. Livingston, Debra "Racial Profiling under Attack," Columbia Law Review 102.5 (2002): 1413-1438. JSTOR. Web. 8 March, 2012.

(for me http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/1123676)

In Anne-Marie G. Harris, Geraldine R. Henderson, and Jerome D. Williams' "Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and Other Marketplace Discrimination," they assert that the federal court cases of the last twenty years have helped provide the type of discrimination occurring in the market place, the level of service being denied to the customers due to this discrimination, and the suspiscious attitude toward the customers in assumption that they may have criminal intent due to race. This is presented in order to apply another perspective to racial profiling besides the operation of a motorized vehicle. This evidence is given to bring attention to how large of an issue racial profiling is and how it is present in a lot of everyday situations. This information is presented factually and straight forward in order to be informative.

Harrus, Anne-Marie G. Henderson, Geraldine R. Williams, Jerome D. "Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and Other Marketplace Discrimination," Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 24.1 (2005): 163-171. JSTOR. Web. 9 March, 2012.

(For Me http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/30000577)

In Ronald Weitzer and Steven A. Tuch's article "Perceptions of Racial profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Belief," they assert that the idea that racial profiling occurs most often when operating a motorized vehicle and is mainly based on preconceived notions towards those of black and Hispanic persuasion. This article displays outside opinions on the idea of racial profiling not only as outside spectators but also of those who have had certain experiences. This is presented in order to show that racial profiling does not only happen to those of African American persuasion, but of many different races, ages, and even genders. These profiles are taken not as the same perspective, such as all being involved with drug trafficking, but very different circumstances. This information is presented through personal experiences as well as many statistics on the previous encounters involving racial profiling.

Weitzer, Ronald and Tuch, Steven A. "Perceptions of Racial profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Belief," Criminology 40.2 (2002): 435-456. Wiley Online Library. Web. 9 March 2012.

(For Me http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00962.x/abstract
http://www.gwu.edu/~soc/docs/Weitzer/Perceptions_of.pdf)

In Nicola Persico's "Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policiing," she asserts that many law enforcement officials are prejudice due to their previous findings but there are certain processes which they can perform that will prevent unfair treatment and application of the prejudice. The idea that some of these methods may "reduce effectiveness," of the law enforcement officers' jobs is a risky idea and is very controversial. She presents this theory in order to give a possible solution to a widely-known, large problem that many racial groups and law enforcement have to deal with in the present day. This information is presented very intelligently with the use of large vocabulary as well as ideas from both sides of the situation.

Persico, Nicola. "Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policiing" The American Economic Review. vol. 92. No. 5. web. (2002) pg. 1472-1497.

for my sake (http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/3083259)

Argument

Racial profiling is a problem due to personal bias and prejudice derived frin an opinion of a large group of a certain ethnicity. Many of these prejudices cause problems when carrying out the due processes of the law, and certain individuals may not automatically be treated equally due to their ethnic background.

Racial Profiling can be resolved through eliminating personal bias and opinion, as well as, carrying out the same due process of law for everyone as equals.

questions on issue

The problem is that there is a large issue with racial profiling when law enforcement officials are pulling certain people over due to their appearance and skin color, as well as, dealing with other prejudicial issues.

The people most affected by this problem are those of color and certain races. It is believed that usually those of African American descent are pulled over most frequently. Since the incident of September 11^th, however, there are more occurrences of people of Muslim persuasion and east Indian descent are being more frequently pulled aside in airports and other such public places.

The problem is caused by previous encounters with such ethnicities proving true to the prejudice that most African Americans are involved with more traffic violations and have more drug involvement. When dealing with those of East Indian descent, the issue arose due to the event on September 11^th. Before this occurred, there were at the most 50% of the prejudice that is present today.

There have been many court cases dealing with this situation on profiling drivers of certain ethnicities. Although many of these cases have won and changed the way many law enforcement officers are trained and conduct their business, there is always personal prejudice that is very difficult to deal with and overcome. When dealing with the prejudice against those of east Indian persuasion, it is very difficult due to the fact that we are still involved in a war that is fighting terrorism. This makes the trust very difficult when it is still a valid reason to be weary of the actions certain people are taking.

If this problem is resolved in the future, I believe there would be a lot less hate crimes. I feel that some of the hate crimes committed are due to the fact that a racist action is unjustly taken against someone of color or ethnic influence. I believe that there will be a lot more peaceful situations and a lot less court cases involved with the wrong accusations due to racial influence. I think that there may always be prejudice or at least cautiousness towards those of East Indian descent due to the huge impact that the event of September 11^th had on the U.S. I hope to see the prejudice reduced over the years but there is never any guarantee of complete solutions.

Someone should do something to help solve this problem because I think it would allow for the country to retain more peace and encourage other countries to accept the U.S. as being prejudice free.

In David Harris's "Driving While Black: Racial Profiling on our Nation's Highways," he asserts that many lawsuits and efforts to try to fight racial profiling behind the wheel are often taken but law enforcement still takes precautions when pulling over those of color. It is said that most of the racial profiling is done concerning "drug law enforcement" due to the apparent high rate of drug use among races. This is presented in order to portray the message that racial profiling is indeed a very large, pressing issue in the United States and there are many actions being taken in order to reduce the occurrence of it. David Harris presents the facts in a very straight forward, factual way.

Harris, David. "Driving While Black: Racial Profiling on our Nation's Highways." National Criminal Justice Services: American Civil Liberties Union. 30 (1999) Web.

In Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer's chapter, "Proposal Arguments," they assert that it is critical to determine an issue that is bothersome as well as being able to present it in a way that it may appeal to a larger audience. They provide sample proposal arguments like "who should make the decisions about economic development," to show some example for readers. They present this chapter in order to display the proper techinique in which to write a propsal argument and how to make it a strong argument. This information was presented in a common tone in order for a student based audience to be able to understand the steps to writing a proposal argument somewhat easily.